
<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Table X33. Additional results: alternative measurement of territorial autonomy - fiscal expenditure.</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="2">Civil violence (group)</td><td>Communal violence</td><td>Communal violence</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>Maj. (model A115)</td><td>Min. (model A116)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A117)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A118)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Included</td><td>-1.291<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.515</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.320)</td><td>(0.466)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.288</td><td>-0.307</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.496)</td><td>(0.490)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Expenditure x included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>3.121<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.844)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Excluded/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.978</td><td>0.805</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.692)</td><td>(0.632)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state)</td><td>0.916</td><td>2.374<sup>†</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.096)</td><td>(1.222)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>3.164</td><td>3.115</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(2.139)</td><td>(2.127)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.410</td><td>-0.832</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.897)</td><td>(0.958)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit)</td><td>0.314</td><td>3.144<sup>**</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.673)</td><td>(0.991)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.601</td><td>1.346</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.234)</td><td>(1.281)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.882<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.687</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.411)</td><td>(0.419)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Asymmetry</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.465</td><td>0.442</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.350)</td><td>(0.356)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (unit, logged)</td><td>0.357<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.213<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.208</td><td>0.233</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.094)</td><td>(0.103)</td><td>(0.144)</td><td>(0.150)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Area (unit, logged)</td><td>0.064</td><td>0.135</td><td>0.618<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.607<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.102)</td><td>(0.144)</td><td>(0.150)</td><td>(0.148)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Avg. ruggedness (unit)</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.001</td><td>0.0002</td><td>0.0001</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Oil in unit</td><td>0.547</td><td>0.503<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.905</td><td>0.860</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.508)</td><td>(0.254)</td><td>(0.592)</td><td>(0.577)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance capital (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.127</td><td>0.150</td><td>-0.193</td><td>-0.196</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.150)</td><td>(0.187)</td><td>(0.185)</td><td>(0.184)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance border (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.233<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.029</td><td>-0.295<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.285<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.085)</td><td>(0.124)</td><td>(0.108)</td><td>(0.106)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">GDP pc. (logged)</td><td>-0.423<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.840<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.656<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.589<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.200)</td><td>(0.246)</td><td>(0.284)</td><td>(0.279)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (state, logged)</td><td>0.165</td><td>-0.218</td><td>-0.206</td><td>-0.222</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.154)</td><td>(0.140)</td><td>(0.249)</td><td>(0.243)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Democracy</td><td>0.401</td><td>-1.724<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.647</td><td>0.776</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.756)</td><td>(0.773)</td><td>(0.672)</td><td>(0.689)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Ethnic fractionalization</td><td>0.124</td><td>-0.041</td><td>1.582</td><td>1.350</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.030)</td><td>(1.475)</td><td>(1.274)</td><td>(1.217)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Election year</td><td>-0.569</td><td>0.515</td><td>0.303</td><td>0.320</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.350)</td><td>(0.324)</td><td>(0.285)</td><td>(0.274)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Expenditure</td><td>-1.437</td><td>-0.740</td><td>2.636<sup>†</sup></td><td>1.062</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(1.487)</td><td>(1.177)</td><td>(1.364)</td><td>(1.401)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years</td><td>-0.578<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.560<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.101)</td><td>(0.120)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 2</td><td>0.038<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.036<sup>**</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.010)</td><td>(0.012)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 3</td><td>-0.001<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.001<sup>*</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence spatial lag</td><td>1.012<sup>***</sup></td><td>1.387<sup>**</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.275)</td><td>(0.474)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.312<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.305<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.077)</td><td>(0.077)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 2</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.023<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.022<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.011)</td><td>(0.011)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 3</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.001<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.001<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence spatial lag</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.146<sup>***</sup></td><td>1.129<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.327)</td><td>(0.313)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>0.820</td><td>1.326</td><td>-22.108<sup>***</sup></td><td>-22.197<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(2.587)</td><td>(2.348)</td><td>(3.300)</td><td>(3.178)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">N</td><td>22,962</td><td>140,026</td><td>186,483</td><td>186,483</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Log Likelihood</td><td>-940.043</td><td>-1,306.431</td><td>-1,226.434</td><td>-1,215.329</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">AIC</td><td>1,990.087</td><td>2,722.863</td><td>2,570.868</td><td>2,550.657</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">† p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; country-clustered SE’s in parentheses; maj. = second-order majority; min. = second-order minority.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">The dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if there is at least one instance of civil/communal violence involving a group/dyad in a given unit.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Region- and year-fixed effects included but not reported.</td></tr>
</table>
